{"id":2767,"date":"2025-12-08T00:53:54","date_gmt":"2025-12-08T00:53:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/keling-surgicallight.com\/?p=2767"},"modified":"2025-12-08T03:20:09","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T03:20:09","slug":"antique-medical-equipment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/keling-surgicallight.com\/ru\/antique-medical-equipment\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0410\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435"},"content":{"rendered":"

Antique Surgery Tools: A Collector\u2019s Guide to Historical Medical Equipment<\/h1>\n

Imagine holding a 19th-century amputation saw in your hands. Its ebony handle is worn smooth by a surgeon\u2019s grip, and its finely serrated steel blade, though spotted with age, still looks capable of its grim task. What stories of medical triumph, desperate hope, and unimaginable pain does this object hold? Antique surgery tools<\/a> are more than just curiosities; they are tangible connections to the dramatic evolution of medicine, from brutal, pre-anesthetic procedures to the dawn of modern aseptic surgery. For collectors, historians, and medical enthusiasts, these instruments offer a uniquely powerful window into the past.<\/p>\n

Drawing from decades of experience in historical medical archiving and authentication, this pillar page serves as your definitive guide to the world of antique medical equipment<\/a>. We will navigate the intricate history of these tools, provide a clear framework for identifying and classifying them, explore notable collecting categories, and offer essential, ethical advice on acquisition and preservation. Whether you\u2019re a seasoned collector authenticating a surgeon\u2019s kit or a newcomer fascinated by a single lancet, this guide will equip you with the knowledge to understand, identify, and responsibly collect these fascinating pieces of historical surgical instruments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

The Evolution of Surgical Tools: From Barber Surgeons to Modern Medicine<\/h2>\n

To truly appreciate an \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b<\/a>, one must understand the context of its use. The history of these tools is a stark narrative of human ingenuity operating within the limits of contemporary knowledge, often with harrowing consequences for the patient.<\/p>\n

The Barber-Surgeon Era (Medieval to 18th Century)<\/h3>\n

For centuries, surgery was not the domain of university-trained physicians but of barber-surgeons. These individuals performed a dual role: cutting hair and performing \u201csurgery,\u201d which largely consisted of bloodletting, tooth extraction, limb amputation, and treating wounds.<\/p>\n

The tools of this era were simple, brutal, and designed for speed above all else, as anesthesia was nonexistent beyond alcohol or a blow to the head. Common instruments included:
\n* Lancets and Fleams:<\/strong> Used for bloodletting, the ubiquitous cure-all.
\n* Cautery Irons:<\/strong> Heated in a fire and applied to wounds or amputations to sear blood vessels, a painful method of controlling hemorrhage.
\n* Amputation Knives and Saws:<\/strong> Straight, robust blades for the rapid removal of limbs. Infection was virtually guaranteed, and survival was far from certain.<\/p>\n

This period was defined by a complete lack of understanding of germ theory and antiseptic principles. Tools were wiped on aprons between patients, and surgery was a last resort of immense suffering.<\/p>\n

The Age of Enlightenment and Specialization (19th Century)<\/h3>\n

The 19th century witnessed two revolutions that transformed surgery from butchery into a science: anesthesia<\/strong> \u0438 antisepsis<\/strong>. The first public demonstration of ether anesthesia in 1846 allowed surgeons time for complex, careful operations. Then, in the 1860s, Joseph Lister\u2019s promotion of carbolic acid spray to kill germs introduced the concept of antisepsis.<\/p>\n

These advances triggered an explosion in specialized tool design. Instrument makers like \u0428\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440<\/strong> in France and Mathieu<\/strong> became renowned for their quality. Elaborate, compartmentalized sets became common:
\n* Amputation Kits:<\/strong> Now containing tourniquets, specialized knives for skin and muscle flaps, periosteal elevators, and bone saws of various sizes.
\n* Trephination Sets:<\/strong> For drilling holes in the skull, featuring multiple trephine crowns, elevators, and bone forceps.
\n* Specialized Forceps and Retractors:<\/strong> Designed for specific procedures in the abdomen, throat, and eyes.<\/p>\n

The Dawn of Aseptic Surgery (Late 19th \u2013 Early 20th Century)<\/h3>\n

The next logical step was moving from killing germs on the wound (antisepsis) to preventing their introduction entirely (asepsis). This required tools that could withstand rigorous sterilization by steam and heat.<\/p>\n

This led to the abandonment of porous materials like wood, ivory, and brass in favor of stainless steel<\/strong> and glass. Instruments became simpler in ornamentation, with smooth, non-porous surfaces and ratcheted designs that could be thoroughly cleaned. Dedicated surgical instrument manufacturing firms rose to prominence, standardizing designs and creating the progenitors of the tools used in operating rooms today.<\/p>\n

Identifying and Classifying Antique Surgical Instruments<\/h2>\n

For a collector, accurate identification is the first step. These tools can be broadly classified by their function, a system that helps demystify an often-confusing array of shapes.<\/p>\n

Common Types of Antique Surgery Tools<\/h3>\n
    \n
  • Cutting & Dissecting:<\/strong> This category includes the basic blades. Scalpels<\/strong> (handle-mounted blades), lancets<\/strong> (small, double-edged blades), and \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0438<\/strong> (long, narrow knives for deep dissection).<\/li>\n
  • Grasping & Holding:<\/strong> Instruments for controlling tissue. \u041f\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0442\u044b<\/strong> (tweezers, often with teeth or clamps), tenaculums<\/strong> (sharp hooks for lifting tissue), and bone holders<\/strong> (vicious-looking clamps for stabilizing bone during sawing).<\/li>\n
  • Retracting & Exposing:<\/strong> Tools to hold wounds open. \u0420\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b<\/strong> (often two-pronged \u201crake\u201d designs) and specula<\/strong> (for dilating orifices like the ear, nose, or vagina).<\/li>\n
  • Amputation & Bone Surgery:<\/strong> The most intimidating tools. Saws<\/strong> (bow saws for limbs, metacarpal saws for fingers), trephines<\/strong> (circular bone drills), and bone drills<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
  • Cautery & Hemostasis:<\/strong> For controlling bleeding. Cautery irons<\/strong> (heated with a lamp or fire) and early \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0442\u044b<\/strong> (hemostats) for clamping vessels before the advent of the modern spring-loaded design.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Key Markings: Makers, Dates, and Materials<\/h3>\n

    The most valuable clues to an instrument\u2019s origin are its markings, typically found on the flat of a blade or the shaft of a tool.
    \n* \u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439:<\/strong> Look for engraved or stamped names. \u201cTiemann,\u201d \u201cSnowden,\u201d \u201cArnold & Sons,\u201d \u201cCharri\u00e8re,\u201d and \u201cWeber\u201d are among the many respected makers. A maker\u2019s mark can significantly increase value.
    \n* Material Stamps:<\/strong> Phrases like \u201cFeatherweight Steel,\u201d \u201cGoodman\u2019s Patent,\u201d or \u201cCast Steel\u201d indicate the type of metal and sometimes a patented process.
    \n* Dating Clues:<\/strong> While explicit dates are rare, design evolution offers hints. Ornate handles, ivory inlays, and complex scrollwork are typical of early-to-mid 19th century. Simpler, all-metal, sterilizable designs point to the 1890s onward. Patent dates (e.g., \u201cPat. 1887\u201d) provide a definitive terminus post quem<\/em> (earliest possible date).<\/p>\n

    A Collector\u2019s Focus: Notable Categories of Antique Medical Equipment<\/h2>\n

    While individual tools are collectible, complete sets or instruments from specific specialties are particularly sought after.<\/p>\n

    Amputation and Trephination Sets<\/h3>\n

    These are the quintessential collections of antique medical equipment<\/strong>. A complete amputation set in its original mahogany or velvet-lined case is a centerpiece. It typically contains a tourniquet, knives for creating skin flaps, a periosteal elevator to scrape bone, several saws, and artery forceps. Their historical significance is profound, representing a common, life-altering operation. Complete sets in good condition are relatively rare and highly valued.<\/p>\n

    Diagnostic Instruments: Antique Stethoscopes, Microscopes, and Thermometers<\/h3>\n

    This category charts the shift from subjective observation to objective measurement.
    \n* Stethoscopes:<\/strong> From Ren\u00e9 Laennec\u2019s simple wooden monaural tube (c. 1816) to the iconic binaural designs with ivory earpieces.
    \n* Sphygmomanometers:<\/strong> Early models for measuring blood pressure, like the bulky but beautiful Riva-Rocci mercury devices.
    \n* Thermometers:<\/strong> Elaborate pocket cases holding long, glass clinical thermometers.
    \n* \u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u044b:<\/strong> Brass \u201cstudent\u201d microscopes used in medical training and diagnosis.<\/p>\n

    Obstetric and Gynecological Instruments<\/h3>\n

    This area requires sensitive handling but is historically critical. It includes:
    \n* Obstetric Forceps:<\/strong> The often-secretive designs used to aid difficult births. Early models were straight, later ones had a pelvic curve.
    \n* Specula:<\/strong> For vaginal examination, evolving from simple bivalve designs to more complex screw-operated models.
    \n* Cervical Dilators:<\/strong> Used in various gynecological procedures.<\/p>\n

    Dental and Ophthalmology Tools<\/h3>\n

    These represent the early branching of medical specialties.
    \n* Dental:<\/strong> Elaborate extraction forceps for specific teeth, turnkeys (for removing tooth roots), and early foot-powered drills.
    \n* \u041e\u0444\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u044f:<\/strong> Delicate tools for cataract surgery (like cystotomes and scoops), eyelid retractors, and early trial lens sets.<\/p>\n

    Evaluating, Acquiring, and Preserving Your Collection<\/h2>\n

    Responsible collecting hinges on ethical acquisition, informed evaluation, and careful preservation.<\/p>\n

    Determining Value and Authenticity<\/h3>\n

    Value is influenced by several key factors:
    \n1. \u0420\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c:<\/strong> Specialized tools or those from short-lived makers are more valuable than common lancets.
    \n2. \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong> Light patina is acceptable; active rust, deep pitting, or broken parts diminish value. Original cases add tremendous value.
    \n3. Maker:<\/strong> Instruments from renowned, stamped manufacturers command higher prices.
    \n4. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441:<\/strong> A documented history linking the tool to a known surgeon, hospital, or event can exponentially increase its worth.
    \n5. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430:<\/strong> A full set with all its original instruments is worth more than the sum of its parts.<\/p>\n

    Red Flags:<\/strong> Be wary of instruments that look \u201ctoo new\u201d with artificial aging, modern machine marks, or inconsistent patina. Reproductions of common tools like bullet probes or certain amputation saws do exist.<\/p>\n

    \u042d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/h3>\n

    \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438.
    \n* \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c:<\/strong> \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430. \u0425\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u044f\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430.
    \n* \u0412\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong> \u041d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430<\/strong> (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438) \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043f\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0430. \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.<\/p>\n

    \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u044f<\/h3>\n

    \u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u2014 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.
    \n* \u041e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430:<\/strong> \u041c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u2014 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435.<\/strong> \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0448\u043b\u0438\u0444\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043c\u044f\u0433\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c. \u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.
    \n* \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong> \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0445\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0436\u0435.
    \n* \u0425\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435:<\/strong> \u0418\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043e\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044b. \u0423\u0431\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

    \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b (\u0427\u0417\u0412) \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445<\/h2>\n

    \u04121: \u041e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438?<\/strong>
    \n\u041e:<\/strong> \u0414\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c. \u041e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043a \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u2014 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0437\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0435\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u043b, \u043e\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0443\u043b\u044e. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0438 \u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n

    \u04122: \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043b\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442?<\/strong>
    \n\u041e:<\/strong> \u041d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435: \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u043c, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u0431\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0435\u0432. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u043f\u0440\u044d\u0439\u0437\u043e\u043c \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0443, \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n

    \u04123: \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438?<\/strong>
    \n\u041e:<\/strong> \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442. \u041a \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u044e\u0442\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u0424\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0444\u0438\u044f), \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 (\u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d), \u0419\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0444\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043c (\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0430) \u0438 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0423\u044d\u043b\u043a\u043e\u043c (\u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d). \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

    \u04124: \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u044b \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f?<\/strong>
    \n\u041e:<\/strong> \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043f\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043f\u0438\u043b\u044b) \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b (\u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438), \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u044b. \u041e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u2014 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b.<\/p>\n

    \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435<\/h2>\n

    \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u043c\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043a \u0438\u0441\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u041e\u0442 \u043c\u0440\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u043b\u044b \u0446\u0438\u0440\u044e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u0445\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u2014 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u2014 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442, \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b, \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

    \u041f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438<\/strong>, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043d\u044b. \u0418\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u0432 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435 \u0435\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c, \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

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    p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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